Where Are the Baltics? Everything You Need to Know.

Where are the Baltics? How many countries are in the Baltics? And why are they so geopolitically important? Here’s everything you need to know!

The Baltics is a distinct region in Northern Europe that’s home to three sovereign nations: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Situated along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, these three small countries share a common historical narrative marked by periods of foreign domination and a united drive towards independence and integration into Western political and economic structures.

Geopolitically, the Baltics hold a vital place in Northern Europe. When I was last there in June 2024, I saw NATO tanks rolling down Latvia’s country lanes, while troops were bussed about on manoeuvres and shuttled to military bases on the borders with Russia and Belarus. Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Baltic nations have feared the great power to their east, because throughout history, the Russian Bear has often dominated its smaller neighbours.

In this article, I delve into the geographical placement of the Baltics, and explore the broader context of the Baltic region, including its membership in key international organisations such as the European Union and NATO. Through this exploration, we’ll gain a comprehensive understanding of what constitutes the Baltic region and the number of countries it encompasses.

Where are the Baltics?

Geographically, the Baltics is a specific region in Northern Europe comprising three countries: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. These countries are located on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, and form part of the Baltic Sea basin.

Estonia is the northernmost of the Baltic states, bordered by the Gulf of Finland to the north, Russia to the east, Latvia to the south, and the Baltic Sea to the west. It is characterised by flat terrain, bountiful lakes, forests, and a rugged coastline with thousands of islands. Latvia is situated between Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It is bordered by Estonia to the north, Russia to the east, Belarus to the southeast, Lithuania to the south, and the Baltic Sea to the west. Latvia’s landscape is known for its mixed forests, plains, and significant river systems, including the Daugava River.

Lithuania, the southernmost of the Baltic states, is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest, with the Baltic Sea to the west. Lithuania features lowland plains, forests, and a short coastline along the Baltic Sea, with the Curonian Spit, a UNESCO World Heritage site, being a notable geographical feature.

The Baltic Sea itself is a key element in defining this region, providing a maritime boundary and influencing the climate and ecosystems of the Baltic states. These countries share not only geographical proximity but also cultural and historical ties that bind them as a distinct region within Northern Europe.

In contemporary geopolitics, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are notable for their integration into Western political and military structures. All three countries are members of the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Their accession to these organisations in 2004 marked a significant shift towards the West, enhancing their security and political alignment with Europe and the United States.

The Baltics also collaborate closely on regional matters through the Baltic Assembly and the Baltic Council of Ministers, which facilitate cooperation on economic, environmental, and security issues. Additionally, the presence of NATO troops in the region underscores its strategic importance and the commitment to collective defence under the alliance.

Geopolitically, the Baltic states are significant for their strategic location, acting as a buffer between Western Europe and Russia. This positioning has made them a focal point in East-West relations, especially in light of tensions between NATO and Russia. The region’s security concerns are heightened by its proximity to the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad and the history of Russian influence in the area.

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How many countries are in the Baltics?

The Baltics are home to three sovereign states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. These nations share a history of being under the yoke of larger dominions, including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. All three gained their independence in the early 20th century and then again in 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Estonia is the northernmost of the Baltic states, bordered by the Gulf of Finland to the north, Russia to the east, Latvia to the south, and the Baltic Sea to the west. Its capital, Tallinn, is known for its well-preserved medieval old town and vibrant cultural scene. Estonia has a population of about 1.3 million people and speaks Estonian, a Finno-Ugric language related to Finnish.

Latvia lies south of Estonia and north of Lithuania. It is bordered by Estonia to the north, Russia to the east, Belarus to the southeast, Lithuania to the south, and the Baltic Sea to the west. Riga, the capital of Latvia, is famed for its Art Nouveau architecture and rich history. Latvia has a population of around 1.9 million people and speaks Latvian, a Baltic language closely related to Lithuanian.

Lithuania is the southernmost of the Baltic states, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest, with the Baltic Sea to the west. Vilnius, its capital, is known for its Baroque architecture and cultural diversity. Lithuania has a population of approximately 2.8 million people and speaks Lithuanian, one of the oldest languages in the world.

Kaliningrad, a Russian exclave situated between Lithuania and Poland on the Baltic Sea, is also part of the wider Baltic region. It was formerly known as Königsberg and was part of Germany until the end of World War II when it was annexed by the Soviet Union. Kaliningrad is geographically separated from mainland Russia, creating unique political and logistical challenges. The city of Kaliningrad serves as the administrative centre and is a significant port and naval base. Kaliningrad remains an important military and economic region for Russia, reflecting the enduring geopolitical significance of the Baltic region.

Read more: How Many Countries in Northern Europe? Everything You Need to Know.

What is the wider Baltic ‘region’?

The term ‘Baltic region’ can be used more broadly than just referring to the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). It can also encompass other countries that have coastlines along the Baltic Sea. These countries include:

• Denmark: Located to the southwest of Sweden, Denmark controls the straits connecting the Baltic Sea to the North Sea. Copenhagen, its capital, is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager.
  
• Germany: The northeastern part of Germany borders the Baltic Sea, with major cities like Lübeck and Rostock located along its coast. The region of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern is particularly notable for its Baltic coastline.
  
• Poland: Situated to the south of the Baltic Sea, Poland has a significant coastline with important ports like Gdańsk, Gdynia and Szczecin.
  
• Russia: The Russian Federation has two main areas on the Baltic Sea. The exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast, located between Poland and Lithuania, and the Saint Petersburg area further east along the coast.
  
• Sweden: To the west of the Baltic Sea, Sweden has a long coastline and several key cities along the Baltic, including Stockholm, its capital, and Gothenburg on the west coast facing the North Sea.
  
• Finland: Located to the north of Estonia, Finland has a lengthy Baltic coastline along the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia. Helsinki, the capital, lies on the shore of the Gulf of Finland.

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A brief history of the Baltics

The history of the Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—is marked by periods of independence, foreign domination, and cultural development. Here’s a brief overview to help you understand their geopolitical importance:

• Early History and Medieval Period: The region was initially inhabited by various Baltic and Finno-Ugric tribes. By the early medieval period, these tribes had established distinct cultures. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Baltic region came under the influence of German crusaders. The Livonian Order, a branch of the Teutonic Knights, conquered present-day Estonia and Latvia, integrating them into the Holy Roman Empire’s sphere. Lithuania, on the other hand, remained independent and formed the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which expanded rapidly.
  
• Union with Poland and Swedish Influence: In 1386, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania entered into a dynastic union with Poland through the marriage of Grand Duke Jogaila to Queen Jadwiga of Poland, eventually leading to the formation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569. This period was marked by relative stability and cultural flourishing. Meanwhile, northern Estonia came under Swedish control following the Livonian War in the 16th century, bringing about significant administrative and educational reforms.
  
• Russian Empire: The Baltic states fell under Russian control in the early 18th century after the Great Northern War. Estonia and Latvia were incorporated into the Russian Empire, while Lithuania was absorbed following the partitions of Poland in the late 18th century. Under Russian rule, the Baltic provinces experienced economic development but also efforts to integrate them into the broader imperial framework, often at the expense of local traditions and autonomy.
  
• Independence and Interwar Period: The collapse of the Russian Empire during World War I allowed Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to declare independence in 1918. The interwar period was marked by efforts to establish democratic governments and modernise economies, although this was complicated by internal political instability and external pressures.
  
• Soviet and Nazi Occupation: The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union led to the Baltic states being occupied by Soviet forces in 1940. They were subsequently annexed into the Soviet Union. During World War II, the Baltics were occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944 before being reoccupied by Soviet forces, resulting in significant population displacement, persecution, and economic restructuring.
  
• Soviet Era: The post-war Soviet era was characterised by forced collectivisation, industrialisation, and Russification policies, which aimed to suppress national identities. Despite these pressures, a strong sense of national identity persisted, and underground movements kept the hope of independence alive.
  
• Restoration of Independence: The weakening of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s, coupled with the rise of nationalist movements, led to the Baltic Way in 1989—a peaceful demonstration where approximately two million people formed a human chain across the three countries. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania subsequently declared independence in 1991, which was quickly recognised internationally following the failed Soviet coup attempt in August 1991.
  
• Post-Independence and EU/NATO Membership: Since regaining independence, the Baltic states have pursued policies of economic liberalisation, democratisation, and integration with Western Europe. They joined the European Union and NATO in 2004, solidifying their alignment with the West. Today, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are stable democracies with growing economies, playing active roles in European and international affairs.

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How many Baltic countries are in the European Union?

All three Baltic countries—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—are members of the European Union. They joined the EU on 1 May 2004 as part of a significant enlargement that included several other Central and Eastern European nations. This accession marked a pivotal step in their integration into Western political, economic, and security frameworks following their independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

The Baltic states’ journey to EU membership was driven by a desire to solidify their independence, enhance economic prosperity and align with democratic values. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania underwent extensive political and economic reforms to meet the EU’s accession criteria. These reforms included establishing democratic institutions, creating market economies, ensuring the rule of law, and protecting human rights.

EU membership has brought numerous benefits to the Baltic countries. Economically, it provided access to the EU’s single market, which facilitated trade and investment. The Baltic states have experienced significant economic growth and development, partly due to the structural funds and cohesion policies provided by the EU. These funds have supported infrastructure projects, social programmes, and regional development initiatives, contributing to the overall modernisation and economic resilience of the Baltic region.

Politically, EU membership has strengthened the democratic institutions and governance of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The accession process itself required extensive legal and regulatory alignment with EU standards, which has promoted transparency, accountability, and good governance. Additionally, being part of the EU has given the Baltic states a voice in European decision-making processes, allowing them to influence policies that affect the region.

Read more: How Many Countries Are in Europe? Everything You Need to Know.

How many Baltic countries are in NATO?

All three Baltic countries—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—are members of NATO. They joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization on 29 March 2004, marking a significant step in their post-Soviet security and defence policy. Their accession to NATO was driven by the need to ensure their security and sovereignty, particularly given their proximity to Russia and their history of Soviet occupation.

NATO membership has provided Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania with a collective security guarantee under Article 5, which states that an attack on one member is considered an attack on all. This has significantly enhanced their national security and deterred potential aggression. The Baltic states actively contribute to NATO missions and exercises, underscoring their commitment to the alliance. Their NATO membership, alongside EU membership, has firmly integrated them into Western political, economic, and security structures, promoting regional stability and cooperation.

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What is the Baltic Assembly?

The Baltic Assembly is a regional organisation that promotes cooperation among the three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Established in 1991, the Baltic Assembly serves as a platform for interparliamentary dialogue and collaboration, aiming to address common political, economic, and cultural issues facing the region.

The Assembly comprises members from the national parliaments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, who are appointed to represent their respective countries. These members meet regularly in sessions and committees to discuss and develop joint initiatives and policies. The organisation focuses on various areas of mutual interest, including security and defence, economic development, environmental protection, and social welfare.

The Baltic Assembly also works to strengthen the Baltic states’ collective voice within the broader European and international context. It fosters cooperation with other regional organisations, such as the Nordic Council and the Benelux Union, and seeks to enhance the integration of the Baltic states into the European Union and NATO.

Through its efforts, the Baltic Assembly plays a crucial role in promoting regional stability, fostering economic growth, and enhancing the cultural ties between Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It stands as a symbol of the commitment of these nations to work together in addressing shared challenges and advancing their common interests on the global stage.

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What is the Council of Baltic Sea States?

The Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1992 to foster cooperation and coordination among the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea. Its primary objectives include promoting regional stability, economic development, and environmental sustainability. The CBSS comprises 11 member states: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, and Sweden, along with the European Union as a member.

The CBSS operates through a range of working groups and expert groups focusing on various areas such as sustainable development, economic growth, and civil security. It aims to address common challenges in the Baltic Sea region, including environmental protection, maritime safety, and combating human trafficking.

One of the key functions of the CBSS is to provide a forum for political dialogue and practical cooperation. It facilitates communication and collaboration between member states, regional organisations, and other stakeholders. The organisation also supports various initiatives and projects that aim to improve the quality of life in the region and ensure sustainable development.

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How many languages are spoken in the Baltics?

In the Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—three primary languages are spoken, corresponding to each country’s official language. However, due to historical influences and minority communities, several other languages are also present.

• Estonia: The official language is Estonian, which is a Finno-Ugric language closely related to Finnish. Russian is widely spoken due to the significant Russian-speaking minority.
  
• Latvia: The official language is Latvian, which belongs to the Baltic language group. Russian is also commonly spoken, reflecting the large Russian-speaking population. Other minority languages include Polish and Lithuanian.
  
• Lithuania: The official language is Lithuanian, another Baltic language. Russian and Polish are also spoken, particularly in regions with sizeable minority communities.

In addition to these main languages, English is increasingly spoken, especially among younger generations and in urban areas, due to its status as a global lingua franca and the Baltic states’ integration into the European Union. German, historically significant in the region, is less commonly spoken today but still present among some older generations and in academic contexts.

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What religions are practiced in the Baltics?

The Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—feature a diverse religious landscape shaped by their unique histories and cultural developments. Here’s an overview of the predominant religions practiced in each country:

Estonia: Estonia is one of the most secular countries in the world, with a significant portion of the population identifying as non-religious or atheist. Among those who do practice a religion, the largest denomination is the Evangelical Lutheran Church, reflecting historical influences from the Protestant Reformation. The Estonian Orthodox Church, which is affiliated with the Eastern Orthodox tradition, is also significant, particularly among the Russian-speaking minority. There are smaller communities of Baptists, Roman Catholics, and other Christian denominations as well.

Latvia: Latvia has a more diverse religious composition. The largest denomination is Lutheranism, particularly in the western part of the country. The Roman Catholic Church has a strong presence, especially in the eastern regions of Latgale. The Latvian Orthodox Church, part of the Eastern Orthodox tradition, is also significant, particularly among the Russian-speaking population. There are smaller groups of Baptists, Old Believers (a branch of Eastern Orthodoxy), and other Protestant communities.

Lithuania: Lithuania is predominantly Roman Catholic, with around 77% of the population identifying as Catholics. This reflects the country’s historical ties to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the influence of Catholicism during that period. There are also small communities of Eastern Orthodox Christians, particularly among the Russian and Belarusian minorities.

So, where are the Baltics?

The Baltic region, consisting of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, is a unique and strategically significant area in Northern Europe. These three countries, located along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, have a shared history of striving for independence and integration into Western political and economic frameworks.

Today, as members of both the European Union and NATO, the Baltic states play a crucial role in regional stability, economic development, and cultural richness. Understanding the Baltics’ geographical placement and the number of countries in this region provides valuable insights into their collective identity and their importance on the European and global stage.

FAQ: Where are the Baltics?

Here’s an FAQ on the topic, ‘Where are the Baltics?’:

Q1: What countries are considered the Baltics?

A: The Baltics refer to three countries in Northern Europe: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. These nations are located on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.

Q2: What is the geographical location of the Baltic states?

A: The Baltic states are situated in Northern Europe, bordered by the Baltic Sea to the west. Estonia is the northernmost, Latvia is in the middle, and Lithuania is the southernmost.

Q3: Are the Baltic states part of the European Union?

A: Yes, all three Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—are members of the European Union. They joined the EU on 1 May 2004.

Q4: Are the Baltic states members of NATO?

A: Yes, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are all members of NATO. They joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization on 29 March 2004.

Q5: What languages are spoken in the Baltic states?

A: The primary languages are Estonian in Estonia, Latvian in Latvia, and Lithuanian in Lithuania. Russian is also widely spoken in all three countries due to historical and minority communities.

Q6: What are the main religions practiced in the Baltic states?

A: In Estonia, the main religions are Lutheranism and Eastern Orthodoxy, though a significant portion of the population is non-religious. Latvia is religiously diverse, with Lutheranism, Roman Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy being the most common. Lithuania is predominantly Roman Catholic, with small communities of Orthodox Christians and Protestants.

Q7: What is the historical significance of the Baltic states?

A: The Baltic states have a rich history, including periods of independence, foreign domination by the German, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Swedish, and Russian empires, and Soviet occupation. They regained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 and have since integrated into Western political and economic structures.

Q8: How do the Baltic states collaborate regionally?

A: The Baltic states collaborate through various regional organisations such as the Baltic Assembly and the Council of the Baltic Sea States. These organisations facilitate cooperation on political, economic, environmental, and security issues.

Q9: What is the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)?

A: The CBSS is an intergovernmental organisation established in 1992 to promote cooperation among countries bordering the Baltic Sea, including Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, and Sweden, as well as the European Union.

Q10: What is the Baltic Assembly?

A: The Baltic Assembly is a regional organisation that facilitates interparliamentary cooperation among Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It addresses common political, economic, and cultural issues and works to strengthen the Baltic states’ collective voice in European and international affairs.