From the Balkans to the Mediterranean, discover how many countries are in Southern Europe. Here’s everything you need to know.
Southern Europe encompasses 17 countries — Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Malta, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain and Vatican City.
Stretching south from the snow capped peaks of the Alps and into the azure waters of the Mediterranean, Southern Europe is home to a multitude of religions, languages, ethnicities and nations. The region takes in the Balkans, microstates like San Marino and powerhouses like Italy. In the west, cross over the Pyrenees and the Iberian Peninsula’s warm climes also place this distinct area within the boundaries of Southern European.
However, the definition of Southern Europe is far from straightforward. Various interpretations exist, influenced by differing perspectives on geography, history, and contemporary politics, while geopolitical discussions as to the sovereign status of disputed Southern European countries like Kosovo are ongoing.
In this article, I explore the intricacies of defining Southern Europe, delving into why competing definitions might arise and how they reflect the region’s diverse and interconnected heritage. Through this exploration, I aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of what constitutes Southern Europe and why it remains a region of enduring fascination and complexity.
Table of Contents
How many countries are in Southern Europe?
The exact definition of Southern Europe can vary drastically. It’s typically dependent on where you draw the boundary, not only between north and south, but in terms of which regions are considered to be sovereign nations. For example, Kosovo only has partial recognition at the United Nations, while some lists will include territories like Gibraltar, which have a large degree of autonomy. Lists may also include Turkey, which straddles the border between Europe and Asia.
The following list of 17 countries is a broad definition of Southern Europe that includes Kosovo, but does not include territories:
- Albania
- Andorra
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Greece
- Italy
- Kosovo
- Malta
- Montenegro
- North Macedonia
- Portugal
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Vatican City
This typical definition of Southern Europe includes the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian Peninsula (Italy, San Marino, and Vatican City), the Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia), and parts of the eastern Mediterranean such as Cyprus and Malta. This definition is geographically inclusive and acknowledges the shared Mediterranean climate and cultural influences.
Broader definitions of Southern Europe may also include the following states and territories within their count:
- France (Southern Regions): Regions such as Provence, Côte d’Azur, and Occitanie, which have Mediterranean coastlines and share cultural and historical ties with Southern Europe.
- Turkey (European Part): The European part of Turkey, particularly Istanbul and the region of East Thrace, has significant historical and cultural connections to Southern Europe, especially through the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires.
- Monaco: This small sovereign city-state on the French Riviera, known for its Mediterranean coastline and cultural links to both France and Italy.
- Gibraltar: A British Overseas Territory located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, with strong historical ties to Spain and strategic importance in the Mediterranean.
- Southern Corsica (France): The southern part of the island of Corsica, which is closer culturally and geographically to Italy and the Mediterranean basin.
- Southern Bulgaria: Sometimes considered part of the broader Southern European region due to historical and cultural links, particularly with Greece and the Balkans.
- Northern Cyprus: Recognised only by Turkey, this territory in the northern part of the island of Cyprus could be considered part of Southern Europe based on its geographic location.
Competing definitions of Southern Europe often stem from different perspectives—geographical, cultural, historical, and political. Geographically, the southern part of Europe is defined by its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, which influences the climate and lifestyle of the region. Culturally and historically, the region is marked by a shared heritage dating back to ancient civilisations such as the Greeks and Romans, as well as the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires.
Politically, definitions can vary based on contemporary considerations such as membership in the European Union or other international bodies. For instance, some definitions might exclude countries not in the EU, while others include them due to their geographical location. Additionally, geopolitical considerations and historical alliances can influence which countries are considered part of Southern Europe.
Read more: Is Turkey in Europe or Asia? Everything You Need to Know.
Where is Southern Europe, exactly?
Southern Europe occupies the southern portion of the European continent, and is distinguished from other regions by its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. Geographically, Southern Europe can be divided into several sub-regions, each with distinct characteristics.
- The Iberian Peninsula: This sub-region includes Spain and Portugal. The peninsula is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the southeast. The Pyrenees mountains form a natural border between Spain and France to the northeast.
- The Italian Peninsula: Italy dominates this sub-region, which extends into the Mediterranean Sea. This peninsula is characterised by its boot-like shape, with the Alps forming its northern boundary. The microstates of San Marino and Vatican City are also located within this peninsula.
- The Balkan Peninsula: Encompassing a large part of Southeastern Europe, this sub-region includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia. The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by the Adriatic Sea to the northwest, the Ionian Sea to the southwest, the Aegean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea to the east.
- The Mediterranean Islands: This sub-region includes countries like Cyprus and Malta. These islands are situated in the eastern and central Mediterranean Sea and are known for their strategic locations and rich historical significance.
- Adjacent Areas: Some definitions of Southern Europe may include parts of countries that have significant Mediterranean coastlines or cultural ties to the region, such as southern France and parts of Turkey.
Read more: How Many Countries Are in Europe? Everything You Need to Know.
Where does Northern Europe begin?
Northern Europe is a region that typically begins north of the countries considered part of Central and Western Europe, extending up to the Arctic Circle. Geographically, Northern Europe encompasses the following sub-regions:
- The Nordic Countries: This sub-region includes Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. These countries are characterised by their location in the northern part of the European continent and their shared cultural and historical ties. The Nordic countries are known for their extensive coastlines, fjords, and relatively colder climates compared to the rest of Europe.
- The Baltic States: Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia are considered part of Northern Europe due to their geographic position along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. These countries have distinct cultural identities but share historical experiences, especially concerning their relationships with neighbouring Russia and the broader European context.
- The British Isles: The United Kingdom and Ireland, situated to the northwest of mainland Europe, are often included in definitions of Northern Europe. These islands are characterised by their maritime climate and significant historical influence over the region.
- Northern Germany and the Low Countries: Some definitions extend Northern Europe to include northern parts of Germany, as well as Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. While these areas are often associated with Western Europe, their geographical position and climatic conditions align them with Northern European characteristics.
- Geographical Boundaries: Northern Europe is generally defined by its position relative to Central and Western Europe. It begins around the latitude where the climate starts to transition from temperate to colder, more boreal conditions. The region includes areas north of the southern boundaries of the Nordic countries and the Baltic States.
Read more: How Many Countries in Northern Europe? Everything You Need to Know.
Where does Central Europe begin?
Central Europe is a region defined by its position in the heart of the European continent, bridging Eastern and Western Europe. The boundaries of Central Europe are somewhat fluid and can vary depending on historical, cultural, and geographical contexts.
Central Europe begins roughly at the eastern boundaries of Western Europe (France, Belgium) and extends eastward to the borders of Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Belarus), incorporating countries like Germany, Poland, Austria, and others in between. Its definition is shaped by a combination of geographical features, climatic conditions, and historical-cultural connections.
However, it generally includes the following countries and regions:
- Germany: Often considered the economic and political powerhouse of Central Europe, Germany’s central location in Europe makes it a key component of this region.
- Poland: Positioned to the east of Germany, Poland is a significant part of Central Europe, sharing cultural and historical ties with both Eastern and Western Europe.
- Czech Republic: Located southeast of Germany, the Czech Republic is historically and culturally linked to the region.
- Austria: South of Germany, Austria is another core country in Central Europe, known for its historical significance and cultural heritage.
- Switzerland: Though sometimes associated with Western Europe, Switzerland’s central location and cultural ties align it with Central Europe.
- Hungary: Located to the southeast of Austria, Hungary is a key country in the Central European region.
- Slovakia: Sharing borders with Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary, Slovakia is an integral part of Central Europe.
Read more: How Many Countries in Central Europe? Everything You Need to Know.
A brief history of Southern Europe
Southern Europe, with its complex history, has been a cradle of civilisation, culture, and political development for millennia. Here’s a brief overview:
Ancient Civilisations
- Greece: Southern Europe’s history is deeply rooted in Ancient Greece, where city-states like Athens and Sparta laid the foundations for Western philosophy, democracy, and sciences. The Hellenistic period spread Greek culture across the Mediterranean and Near East.
- Rome: The Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire dominated Southern Europe, creating a vast network of roads, cities, and infrastructure. Rome’s legal, political, and cultural legacies profoundly influenced Europe and the Mediterranean.
Medieval Period
- Byzantine Empire: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, the Eastern Roman Empire, or Byzantine Empire, continued to flourish with its capital in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul). It preserved Roman laws and Greek culture, and its influence extended over the Balkans and parts of Italy.
- Islamic Conquests: The 7th and 8th centuries saw the rise of Islamic caliphates, which conquered large parts of the Iberian Peninsula. The presence of Al-Andalus in modern-day Spain and Portugal introduced significant cultural, scientific, and architectural advancements.
Renaissance and Early Modern Period
- Italian Renaissance: The Renaissance began in the 14th century in Italy, particularly in Florence, and spread across Europe. This period saw a revival of classical learning and arts, leading to significant developments in literature, science, and exploration.
- Age of Exploration: Portugal and Spain spearheaded the Age of Exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries, leading to the discovery of new lands and the establishment of vast colonial empires.
Modern Era
- Napoleonic Wars: The early 19th century saw the influence of Napoleonic France across Southern Europe, leading to significant political and social upheavals.
- Unification Movements: The 19th century was marked by the unification of Italy and the independence movements in the Balkans, leading to the formation of modern nation-states.
- World Wars: Southern Europe was deeply affected by both World Wars, with countries like Italy, Greece, and the Balkans experiencing significant devastation and political changes.
- Cold War: After World War II, Southern Europe was divided between Western-aligned nations and communist Yugoslavia and Albania. The region saw significant political shifts with the fall of communism in the late 20th century.
Contemporary Period
- European Integration: Southern European countries have become integral members of the European Union, contributing to and benefiting from economic and political integration.
- Economic Challenges: The early 21st century saw economic difficulties, particularly in Greece, Spain, and Portugal, during the Eurozone crisis, leading to austerity measures and significant social impacts.
Read more: How Many Countries in Western Europe? Everything You Need to Know.
How many Southern European countries are in the European Union?
There are eight Southern European countries that are members of the European Union. These countries are:
- Spain
- Portugal
- Italy
- Greece
- Croatia
- Slovenia
- Malta
- Cyprus
These countries are part of the EU and actively participate in its political, economic, and social frameworks. Their membership in the EU plays a significant role in shaping the region’s economic policies, infrastructure development, and cultural exchanges.
Read more: How Many Countries in Eastern Europe? Everything You Need to Know.
How many Southern European countries are in NATO?
There are ten Southern European countries that are members of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). These countries are:
- Albania
- Croatia
- Greece
- Italy
- Montenegro
- North Macedonia
- Portugal
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Turkey
These countries participate in NATO’s collective defence arrangements and contribute to its various missions and operations aimed at maintaining security and stability in the region and beyond.
Read more: 10 Most Visited Cities in Europe
So, how many countries are in Southern Europe?
Southern Europe, a region rich in historical, cultural, and geographical diversity, encompasses 17 countries: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Malta, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, and Vatican City.
These nations collectively represent a wide range of ancient civilisations, diverse cultures, and dynamic political landscapes. While the precise boundaries and definitions of Southern Europe can vary depending on different perspectives, the region’s core identity remains firmly rooted in its Mediterranean heritage and shared historical experiences.
Understanding the number and identity of these countries provides a comprehensive view of the intricate and multifaceted nature of Southern Europe, highlighting its significance in the broader context of European and global history.
Read more: How Many Countries in Western Europe? Everything You Need to Know.
FAQ: how many countries are in Southern Europe?
Here’s an FAQ on the topic, ‘How many countries are in Southern Europe?’:
Q1: How many countries are there in Southern Europe?
A: There are 17 countries typically considered part of Southern Europe. These are Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Malta, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, and Vatican City.
Q2: What are the main characteristics of Southern Europe?
A: Southern Europe is known for its Mediterranean climate, rich historical and cultural heritage, and diverse landscapes, including extensive coastlines, mountain ranges, and islands.
Q3: Are all Southern European countries part of the European Union?
A: No, not all Southern European countries are part of the European Union. As of 2024, eight Southern European countries are EU members: Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Croatia, Slovenia, Malta and Cyprus.
Q4: How many Southern European countries are members of NATO?
A: As of 2024, ten Southern European countries are members of NATO: Albania, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey.
Q5: Why might the definition of Southern Europe vary?
A: The definition of Southern Europe can vary based on geographical, cultural, historical, and political perspectives. Different sources may include or exclude certain countries depending on these factors.
Q6: What historical periods significantly shaped Southern Europe?
A: Southern Europe has been shaped by various historical periods, including the ancient civilisations of Greece and Rome, the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic conquests in the Iberian Peninsula, the Renaissance, the Napoleonic Wars, and the unification movements of the 19th century.
Q7: Which countries are sometimes included in broader definitions of Southern Europe?
A: Broader definitions of Southern Europe might include parts of France and Turkey, particularly regions with Mediterranean coastlines or cultural ties to the Mediterranean basin.
Q8: What are some notable cultural contributions from Southern Europe?
A: Southern Europe has contributed significantly to global culture, including ancient Greek philosophy, Roman law and engineering, Renaissance art and literature, and maritime exploration during the Age of Discovery.
Q9: How does the Mediterranean Sea influence Southern Europe?
A: The Mediterranean Sea influences Southern Europe’s climate, economy, and culture. It provides a temperate climate, supports maritime trade and tourism, and serves as a historical conduit for cultural exchange.
Q10: What are the smallest and largest countries in Southern Europe by area?
A: Vatican City is the smallest country in Southern Europe by area and population, while Spain is the largest country by area.
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